Source: Ibn Kathir
How man sways between Tawhid and Shirk, and between Joy and Despair, according to His Circumstances
(33) And when harm touches men, they cry sincerely only to their Lord (Allah), turning to Him in repentance, but when He gives them a taste of His Mercy, behold! a party of them associate partners in worship with their Lord.
Allah tells us that when man is in dire straits, he calls upon Allah alone with no partner or associate, then when times of ease come and they have the choice, some people associate others with Allah and worship others alongside Him.
(So as to be ungrateful for the graces which We have bestowed on them.) Then Allah warns them by saying:
(but you will come to know.) One of them said: By Allah, if a law enforcment officer were to say this to me, I would be afraid, so how about when the One Who is issuing the warning is the One Who merely says to a thing "Be!'' and it is Then Allah denounces the idolators for fabricating lies and worshipping others instead of Him with no evidence or proof
(Or have We revealed to them an authority,) means, proof.
(which speaks) means, tells
(of that which they have been associating with Him) This is a rhetorical question intended to denounce them, for they have no such thing.
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